Children are known for their seemingly endless energy and curiosity, so they constantly explore the world around them through their five senses. But because their immune systems have yet to fully develop, they are prone to several common illnesses – from colds, bronchitis, and flu to more specific infections such as ear infections. Dealing with these conditions, recognizing their symptoms, and learning how to treat them properly help take the best care of your child.
Understanding Common Childhood Illnesses
Children are commonly affected by illness. These can be anything from the common cold to more dangerous conditions such as asthma. Likely, you will also get similar illnesses from childhood.
Children often find they contract the common cold and ear infections. During mid-winter, they also get the flu. These conditions are very typical, and I would like to explain why we can get them and what the treatment is:
The Common Cold
What is it?
The common cold is an acute viral infection of the upper respiratory tract that affects both children and adults. Causes are many and a virus called rhinovirus is by far the most commonly identified virus. Children are more prone to catching cold due to closer proximity to one another thereby facilitating the spread of infection at schools and nurseries.
Symptoms
Symptoms of a cold in children typically include:
- Runny or stuffy nose
- Sneezing
- Coughing
- Sore throat
- Mild fever
- Mild headache
- Fatigue
Management and Treatment
Colds are usually self-limiting and resolve on their own in seven to 10 days. Management is symptomatic and supportive. The following measures are effective.
Hydration Drink plenty of fluids, including water, herbal teas, or clear broths to stay hydrated and to thin mucus.
- Rest: Ensure your child gets plenty of rest to support their immune system.
- Humidifiers: Using a cool-mist humidifier in the child’s room will help with coughing and congestion.
- Saline Nasal Drops: These can help relieve nasal congestion.
- OTC medications: If your child is older than about six, he or she can take acetaminophen or ibuprofen to lower the fever and ease the chills. All medications should be discussed with your practitioner before giving them.
When to See a Doctor
Consult a healthcare provider if your child:
- Has a high fever that persists
- Shows signs of difficulty breathing
- Exhibits severe fatigue or irritability
- Symptoms last longer than 10 days or worsen
Ear Infections
What is it?
Middle ear infection (otitis media) results from infection by bacteria or viruses that enter the middle ear via the Eustachian tube. Young children are more susceptible to ear infections due to their shorter Eustachian tubes, which are more prone to blockage or swelling.
Symptoms
Ear infections can present with:
- Ear pain or tugging at the ear
- Fever
- Irritability or fussiness
- Difficulty sleeping
- Fluid draining from the ear
- Hearing problems
Management and Treatment
Treatment depends on the severity and cause of the infection. Options include:
- Pain Relief: Over-the-counter pain relievers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help alleviate ear pain.
- Warm Compresses: Applying a warm compress to the affected ear can provide some comfort.
- Antibiotics: If it is a bacterial infection, a doctor might prescribe antibiotics. It is important to finish the full course.
- Ear Drops: For certain types of ear infections, medicated ear drops may be recommended.
When to See a Doctor
Seek medical advice if your child:
- Has severe or persistent ear pain
- Displays symptoms of a high fever
- Shows signs of hearing loss
- Experiences frequent ear infections
The Flu
What is it?
Flu – also known as influenza – is an infectious disease of the respiratory system that involves inflammation of the nose, throat, and lungs. It is a common and contagious virus, spread by droplets from coughs and sneezes. While the flu is generally less severe than something like pneumonia, it can still lead to complications.
Symptoms
Flu symptoms include:
- High fever
- Severe cough
- Sore throat
- Muscle aches
- Fatigue
- Headaches
- Chills
Management and Treatment
Managing the flu involves:
- Rest and Hydration: Just like with colds, rest and hydration are key.
- Antiviral Drugs: If diagnosed early, a physician may provide antiviral medications to help reduce the length and severity of the disease.
- Fever Reducers: Medications such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help manage fever and aches.
When to See a Doctor
Immediate medical attention is necessary if:
- Your child has trouble breathing
- They experience chest pain or severe abdominal pain
- Symptoms worsen or fail to improve after a few days
Gastroenteritis (Stomach Flu)
What is it?
Gastroenteritis, or stomach flu, is inflammation of the stomach and intestines caused by either a viral infection – for example, from the rotavirus – or a bacterial infection, such as that due to E. coli. Its hallmark symptoms are vomiting and diarrhea.
Symptoms
Symptoms include:
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Stomach cramps
- Fever
- Dehydration
Management and Treatment
To manage gastroenteritis:
- Rehydration: Focus on replenishing fluids and electrolytes. Oral rehydration solutions are particularly useful.
- Diet: Once vomiting subsides, introduce bland foods like crackers or bananas.
- Rest: Ensure your child gets plenty of rest.
When to See a Doctor
Consult a healthcare provider if:
- Your child shows signs of dehydration (e.g., dry mouth, reduced urine output)
- Vomiting or diarrhea is severe or persistent
- There is blood in vomit or stool
Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease
What is it?
Image courtesy QuickNotions Otherwise known as Hand, foot, and mouth disease, it is caused by one of the enteroviruses. It is a very common virus that usually infects children under the age of 5 and can cause sores in the mouth and a rash on the body.
Symptoms
Symptoms include:
- Fever
- Sore throat
- Rash on hands and feet
- Mouth sores
Management and Treatment
Treatment focuses on comfort and symptom relief:
- Pain Relief: Over-the-counter pain relievers can help with sore throat and fever.
- Hydration: Try to keep your child hydrated; make him drink plenty of liquids even if swallowing with mouth sores is painful.
- Soft Foods: Offer soft, bland foods to avoid irritating mouth sores.
When to See a Doctor
Seek medical advice if:
- Your child has difficulty swallowing
- Symptoms are severe or prolonged
- There are signs of dehydration
Preventive Measures
Preventing illnesses is as important as managing them. Here are some general tips:
- Hand Hygiene: Teach children to wash their hands regularly with soap and water.
- Vaccinations: Have your child immunized against the virus and be sure they are up to date with routine immunizations, including against flu and other vaccine-preventable diseases.
- Healthy lifestyle: promote reasonable nutrition, physical exercise and sleep to keep the immune system vibrant.
- Stay Away From Sick Contacts: If possible, don’t let your kid hang out with other sick kids who are likely carrying germs.
Getting the right balance when it comes to dealing with some of the ubiquitous and relatively minor childhood problems can all be a bit confusing. This is because the symptoms are often vague and not specific to any one condition, but can be treated by a range of preventative and symptomatic methods and give rise to a variety of symptoms.
